The statement "Now before the feast of the passover . . ." refers to the next five chapters of John's Gospel that covers time between His Triumphal Entry (John 12:50) and betrayal (John 18:1f). During the period between the His entry into Jerusalem and betrayal, Jesus spent His last few days instructing His disciples privately at the Mount of Olives.¹ Luke records that Jesus was also teaching in the day at the temple and spending His nights at the Mount of Olives.(Luke 21:37)

           John states that Jesus, knowing He would shortly be crucified, loved His disciples unto the end. In Christ's prayer to the Father in Chapter 17 He said, "I have manifested thy name unto the men which thou gavest me out of the world: thine they were, and thou gavest them me; and they have kept thy word." (John 17:6) In a boarder sense, this statement could be applied to all believers of all time meaning, knowing of His coming suffering and death, He continued to love those who believed are were saved from out of the world and endured the cross. (Heb. 12:2)

           John Chapter 13 is called the "Upper room" discourse because Luke revealed that this supper took place in the second floor of a house where the Lord and His disciples took the Passover meal. (Luke 22:7-14) This discourse given by the Lord begins with John 13:1 and ends with Jesus and His disciples leaving the upper room and going out to the brook Cedron at the Mount of Olives.²

           The supper being "ended" means the preparation for the supper was complete. Verse 26 records that after Jesus washed the disciples feet, He continued with the meal. Luke says the devil entered or took possession of Judas at this moment and Judas made the decision to betray the Lord. Judas never believed on the Lord. Although this was the moment Satan took over Judas' action he had been from the beginning susceptible to the devil's temptation because of his unbelief. Jesus early had opened proclaimed the state of Judas' heart, "But there are some of you that believe not. For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were that believed not, and who should betray him." (John 6:64)

           John's declaration of verse 13 reveals the deity of Jesus Christ in being God incarnate in man to the purpose that He was come to suffer and die for the sins of the world. It was the Father's will that His Son Jesus, was given the task of being the sacrificial "lamb that taketh away the sin of the world" as John the Baptist had declared at Christ's baptism. (John 1:29) His deity is authenticated in that Jesus came from God and would return to God.

           The Lord arises from the meal. It was normal for the master of the house to rise and wash his hands prior to serving of the Pesach meal.³ However, Jesus laid His coat aside, took a towel, and folded his robe under his belt. This was not the dress of the master of the house but of a servant who waited on those at the meal, thus Jesus took the position of a humble servant.

           It was the custom of the Jews have their servants to wash the feet of strangers and travelers they entertained in their homes. The Lord and the disciples were not seated at a table, but were lying on couches located on the floor that were side by side. This made the washing of feet important for hygiene. Foot washing was humbling duty of the lowest ranking servant in the house. They were not the guests of a household, and apparently there were no servants to wait on them. The statement that the preparation was finished may indicate that those who had prepared the meal had left as this was a private meal. The disciples were certainly not thinking about their washing the other's feet, or the feet of the Lord. Their pride and vanity is revealed in Luke 22:24 that records there was strife among the disciples as to who of them would be the greatest in the kingdom. Plainly there was no humility among His disciples. This is further proof that Jesus' disciples did not understand the significance of what Jesus was about to do. They, through worldly eyes, saw the kingdom as being an earthly one with Jesus casting off the Romans and setting Himself up as the earthly King of Israel. They were vying among themselves for the better positions they would have in ruling with Him. Because there were no servants present, it appears the duty to wash the feet of those as the meal was ignored, and no one was willing to do this duty. The Lord used the occasion to teach them an important truth.

          Jesus then poured water into a basin and began to wash each of the disciples' feet. It is easy to speculate as to the reaction of the disciples. Clearly, each in turn offered Him their dirty feet to wash and only Peter seems to grasp the degrading humility of Jesus' act. It should have embarrassed each of them to see the Lord kneeling before them performing this degrading task. Only John records this event and he does not give us any details beyond Peter's response.

          In spite of Peter's many failures and lack of perception of spiritual things we can see something of his character in that he asked the Lord with obvious objection if the Lord was intending to wash his feet. He saw the Lord humbling Himself before His disciples as did the other men, but only he had the courage to speak out and bring to attention what was happening. He saw the Lord, the one who had shown them so much love, who had demonstrated His unlimited power through His miracles, the perfect Savior, bowing before Peter's unworthy and sinful comrades. Of all the disciples only Peter seems to have been shamed by the callousness of the disciples. Jesus was the Lord, they were the disciples, and they were to serve Him!

          The Master then instructs His pupil telling Peter that He did not understand what the Lord was doing, but would in the future. We must admire Peter in that he tells the Lord that he emphatically declares that would never allow Him to abase Himself so by washing his dirty feet.

          Jesus responds saying that if Peter refused to allow the Lord to wash his feet he could have not part with the Lord. Jesus was teaching by example His greater act in cleansing Peter from sin. In other word if the Lord did not cleanse him Peter could not be clean. Clearly this went far beyond the mere washing of Peter's feet. We must remember Jesus had just told Peter he did not presently understand what the Lord was teaching them, but he would later. Peter does seem to understand the greater significance of Jesus' act. To paraphrase Peter's response we could conclude he meant, "Lord wash not only my feet, but my hands and head. Wash all of me."

          There is a ring of desperation Peter's reply. Clearly Peter, though not fully understanding all that he knew of the Lord, did love the Lord could not bear the thought of being separated from Him. Although in a few hours he would deny that he knew the Lord, at this moment in his untried commitment to his Master, his intent and devotion seems totally sincere.

          The word "washed" is the word that refers to bathing the entire body. The second word "wash" is a different word meaning to wash a part of the body such as the hands, feet, face.⁴ Jesus' statement referred not only to cleaning one's feet or a part of the body, but referred to the application of Christ's blood that cleanses the believer completely from all his sins. John stated in Revelation 1:5, "And from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness, and the first begotten of the dead, and the prince of the kings of the earth. Unto him that loved us, and washed us from our sins in his own blood." Paul writing to Titus refers to the washing of regeneration saying, "Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost; Which he shed on us abundantly through Jesus Christ our Saviour; That being justified by his grace, we should be made heirs according to the hope of eternal life." (Titus 3:5-7)

          Therefore the believer is completely cleansed of all sins, but because we still are in our mortal bodies with our old nature we will sin or "get our feet dirty." The Lord said in time the disciples would understand what He meant. In 1 John 1:6-10 one can plainly see that John did later understand this important truth. He wrote to saved born again believers, "If we say that we have fellowship with him, and walk in darkness, we lie, and do not the truth: But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say that we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us." (1 John 1:6-10) Every believe will and does sin. God's provision to help the Christian overcome remaining sins in his life is that through the confession of God helps to strengthen the believer and help him fight sin.

          The disciples did not at this time fully understand the magnitude of what they were a part, of nor of Christ's coming suffering, death, and resurrection. They did not perceive the spiritual implication of what was unfolding, but Jesus' statement makes it clear that they were all saved with the exception of Judas whose heart was already set against the Lord and who was plotting how to betray Him.

          Jesus throughout His ministry used illustrations, parables, and examples to teach His disciples and those who followed Him. He had set the example for the past three years of showing Himself to be a Servant. He can to serve, to give Himself for man's redemption. His action in humbling Himself and washing their feet was the pentacle of this vital truth. If we wish to serve the Lord, we must serve others. In fact is that we cannot serve God without serving others. After Jesus washed their feet, clearly all eyes were on Him to see what He would say or do next. Jesus then asked them, "Are you aware or understand what I have done to you?"

           Jesus said to the disciples that they addressed Him as rabbi (teacher) and master (Lord) and He affirms without question what He is. He then made the point that if He, being their Superior, their Master and Lord who had humbled Himself and washed their feet, they too, as disciples, should wash the other's feet. Jesus was not giving them a ritual of foot washing as some have mistakenly concluded. He was presenting the principle and motivation of His action. He as their teacher was showing them the importance of humility and service by setting the example. A universal principle is that of the trait of a good leader is that he does not ask his subordinates to do something he would not do Himself. The effective instructor and teacher leads by example.

          However, pride is the enemy of humble service to the Lord and to others. Pride according to God is the worst of sins. Pride can be defined as "Inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable conceit of one's own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, accomplishments, rank or elevation in office, which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others; insolence; rude treatment of others; loftiness; ostentation (Webster). Pride comes from the fallen heart of man (Mk. 7:22)."⁵ It was pride that caused Satan the once archangel of God to sin and fall from his high position. John tells us:

"For all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh, and the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life, is not of the Father, but is of the world" (1 John 2:16). The pride of life" is not of God, but of the evil world we live in and it should have no place in a believer's life. Whosoever therefore shall humble himself as this little child, the same is greatest in the kingdom of heaven" (Matthew 18:4). God warns of the sin of pride:

"And whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased; and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted (Matthew 23:12).

"Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time" (1 Peter 5:6).

"But he giveth more grace. Wherefore he saith, God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble. . . .Humble yourselves therefore under the mighty hand of God, that he may exalt you in due time." (James 4:6,10)

"For if a man think himself to be something, when he is nothing, he deceiveth himself." (Galatians 6:3)

           Pride is the attitude that person thinks he is sufficient within himself and does not need God. Pride turns its face to God and mocks Him saying, "I do not need you, I will live my life my way in my own power." But God has created us to live within His protection, blessing, and to accomplish His grand purpose for our lives. He can only bless that which is done in His name in His power at His direction. Why? No man has any righteousness of his own, and therefore all he does in the flesh, by his own power is corrupt and does not honor or glorify God. One of the most foolish songs that was ever written is the song Frank Sinatra made popular, "I did it my way." A man apart from God is a pitiful thing. God describes man saying, "There is none that understandeth, there is none that seeketh after God. They are all gone out of the way, they are together become unprofitable; there is none that doeth good, no, not one" (Romans 3:11-12).

           Pride serves itself and has no regard for others. It feeds itself by supposing itself to be greater than someone else. Pride is the most revealing mark of the hypocrite who deceives himself into thinking himself to be something he is not. Paul repeatedly referred to himself as a bond servant, meaning a slave of Jesus Christ, totally committed and in subjection to the Savior. The proud step forward and put themselves in front of the Lord and vainly take credit for what they have not done. Yet, the true servant's heart is desires the best for the other person. That is what the "agape" love of God is. Jesus gave Himself fully to serve and save the sinner, as Paul stated, "But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life." (Romans 5:8-10)

           In a short time Jesus' disciples were to witness the greatest demonstration of love there ever was when they watched as Jesus was unjustly tried, condemned, and crucified take upon Himself all the sins of man. He was God, man's Creator, who humbled Himself that we might be lifted up.

           Jesus emphasizes the principle of service reminding them that the servant is not greater than his lord. Jesus had just humbled Himself and did the menial task of washing their feet. He is making the point that if He as their master had humbled Himself to serve them, certainly they should follow His example because they were not greater than He. Jesus was sending His disciples into the world to bring the Gospel to a lost and dying world. Further He would soon show the magnitude of His service by suffering and dying for all men's sins. If He, as their Master, was doing this for the world, they being sent my Him into the world as His witnesses should also give themselves without reservation to their calling.

          All who faithfully serve the Lord may find their service is appreciated and lose their happiness in doing the job. The word "happy" means also "to be blessed, well off or be fortunate."1 A pastor, teacher can spend hours preparing their messages and lessons presenting them with great enthusiasm and see little response from their audience. Those who clean and maintain the church property may rarely hear anyone comment about the good job they do. This can be very discouraging and affect the servant's happiness. At times like these the servant of the Lord must understand that he must take his satisfaction from knowing he is faithfully serving the Lord and not necessarily from the response of those to whom he ministers. Most who serve the Lord will find they are rarely recognized for their service. However, that is not a problem if one understands that this is the nature of his calling because the servant. To young Timothy, who probably was struggling with this problem, Paul said, "Therefore I endure all things for the elect's sakes, that they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory." (2 Timothy 2:10) The servant must realize he is serving the Master first and it is the Master to whom he must please. True encouragement will come from pleasing the Lord and hearing the Master say ". . . Well done, good and faithful servant." (Matthew 25:23a) The first book of the New Testament written was the Book of James. James, the half brother of the Lord and the pastor of the Jerusalem church, encouraged these new believers to take the example of the prophets who had endured and suffered affliction and who patiently served the Lord. God instructs the servant, "And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily, as to the Lord, and not unto men" (Colossians 3:23) When we understand these truths we can fully appreciate the Lord's statement, "If ye know these things, happy are ye if ye do them." (John 13:17) Feeling blessed will rest in the believer knowing his calling and that he is serving the Lord

          Jesus again brings attention to Judas who would betray Him. In verse 17, He said happy were those who obeyed their Lord, but qualifies His statement saying that He was not speaking of all of the disciples. Jesus in John 6:70 said, "Jesus answered them, Have not I chosen you twelve, and one of you is a devil? Some conclude this means Jesus had chosen the disciples for salvation.⁷ However, Jesus is simply stating He knew that Judas would betray Him when He chose Him. He knew Judas' heart that he was not a believer, but God's plan was that Jesus would be betrayed so know what Judas would do the Lord took Him as a disciple. The Lord also quotes Psalm 41:9 "Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me." (Psalms 41:9) David as a type of the Messiah was also betrayed by his close friend and counselor Ahithophel. When Absalom rebelled against his father, Ahithophel also turned against David. Ahithophel was chosen by David as his aid and paid him for his service (ate his bread), yet he had no loyalty to his master the king and through treachery was instrumental in overthrowing him. David's trusted friend turned on him and (lifted his heel) meaning, as a savage horse, he kicked his master.

           He is referring to Psalm 41:9 that is a Messianic psalm explaining to the disciples that He is telling them of His betrayal in advance so they would know when it happens that He is the Messiah. The disciples did not fully understand what was transpiring. Jesus was telling them He knew every detail of the coming events and wanted to assure them all was well. On the Day of Pentecost, Peter preached to many of the very people who had consented to Jesus' crucifixion and referred to Psalm 41:9, "Men and brethren, this scripture must needs have been fulfilled, which the Holy Ghost by the mouth of David spake before concerning Judas, which was guide to them that took Jesus." (Acts 1:16)

          Jesus emphasizes His statement saying "Truly, Truly." The word "receiveth" means to take or receive. Thus, He is saying whoever He sends is the one who takes Him, and the one that takes Him, likewise is taking Him that sent God the Father who sent Him. This statement being preceded by verse 21 makes the point that Judas had not believed or "received" Him or the Father. God did not force Judas to betray the Lord and he was acting on his own. This is clear proof that Judas used his will to betray the Lord. Two important truths are revealed. One, God did not "decree" in the past or force Judas to betray the Lord. Second, Judas made the decision and used his will to make the decision to betray Christ. God does not violate a man's will or force anyone to do good or evil. James 1:13 makes it clear God does not tempt anyone to do evil and the evil man does is his choice. Note Jesus next statement.

           Jesus was moved emotionally by Judas' callousness and rejection. We see the love of Christ in that he was sorrowed by the wickedness and rejection in Judas' heart and the coming judgment he would face. Peter in his Epistle shows us the heart of God. "The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance." (2 Peter 3:9) Jesus loved Judas even though he was going to betray Him. The Lord then states with every ear listening ". . . one of you shall betray me."

          The disciples were perplexed (meaning of doubting) at Jesus' statement. It is difficult to accept that a close friend or colleague would betray the Lord. For three years they had known each other, and although probably aware of Judas covetousness, they did not see any of themselves as a traitor. John candidly mentions he was next to the Lord (leaning on His bosom). Peter was the first to speak up and asked who was the traitor. Then John also asks the natural question "Lord, who is it?"

          Christ gives them a definitive answer saying it is who I will "dip the sop" which means to dip a morsel of bread or meat into a soup. He then dipped the morsel in the sauce and handed it to Judas. Clearly Judas heard the Lord's words. He did not have not take the sop from the Lord, but he did showing that his mind was made up. Even knowing that Jesus knew what he was planning did not deter him from his evil and treacherous deed.

          John says that at this point Satan entered into him. Judas had willingly and with full comprehension of his actions, abandoned all sensibility, and opened himself to being possessed by Satan. Satan cannot possess someone who is unwilling and Judas became the willing victim of Satan's evil intentions. Satan, as an angel, can only be at one place at any one time. Clearly he was at the supper watching Judas' every move and when he saw Judas take that morsel of food we can be sure he gleefully moved in and directed Judas' subsequent actions. Satan's name means "an adversary that lies in wait." Satan had waited since the Garden of Eden for this opportunity to destroy the Messiah whom God promised would "bruise his head" (Gen. 3:15). However, Satan's power is limited by God who created him and even as God's enemy the Lord uses him in accomplished His purposes. Paul emphasizes this truth when proclaimed Jesus as the Messiah to the Jews in their synagogues. "And Paul, as his manner was, went in unto them, and three sabbath days reasoned with them out of the scriptures, Opening and alleging, that Christ must needs have suffered, and risen again from the dead; and that this Jesus, whom I preach unto you, is Christ." (Acts 17:2-3) Although, Jesus was troubled by Judas' treachery, He was fully aware as to what had to happen and simply tells Judas to quickly go and do his wicked deed.

          The disciples heard Jesus tell Judas to go quickly and do what he was planning, but the disciples still did not understand what was happening. Some thought that Jesus was telling Judas to go out buy pay for the meal or to disperse some funds to the poor. It appears they still did not suspect that Judas was going to betray the Lord. After Jesus spoke to him, Judas immediately left and went out into the night.

          After Judas left, the Lord took the occasion to further prepare His disciples for the quickly unfolding events ahead. His betrayal was now fully in progress Jesus and reflects on the glory they would soon experience in seeing Jesus glorified in His betrayal, trial, crucifixion and resurrection. The word "glory or glorified" "doxazo" means "to cause the dignity and worth of some person or thing to become manifest and acknowledged."3 The glory of the Lord Jesus Christ, through His submission into the hands of sinful men, would be declared to a lost and dying world. Although He was God, our loving Savior incarnate in man He had been slandered, falsely accused, debased in every way, humiliated and would be crucified on the cross. However, in His humiliation the world would see truly who He was. Although most of the world rejects Jesus Christ, and refusing to honor Him, His true person and love of His creation cannot be denied. John stated it this way, "In this was manifested the love of God toward us, because that God sent his only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through him. Herein is love, not that we loved God, but that he loved us, and sent his Son to be the propitiation for our sins." (1 John 4:9-10) Paul declared in Romans 5 "But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us." (Romans 5:8)

          Yes, Jesus was glorified and as God's son, He glorified His Father. In Jesus Christ one can see the wonderful blessing our Creator and Savior is to us. To the Ephesians Paul proclaimed his desire for them, "That he would grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to be strengthened with might by his Spirit in the inner man; That Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; that ye, being rooted and grounded in love, May be able to comprehend with all saints what is the breadth, and length, and depth, and height; And to know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, that ye might be filled with all the fulness of God." (Ephesians 3:16-19) To fully comprehend the greatest and majesty of our Creator is beyond our ability, but what a wonderful thing it is to know Him even in our limited facility.

           Speaking now to the eleven faith disciples Jesus speaks to them from His endearing heart. He called them "my little children." It is interesting that John in his First Epistle also uses the affectionate term in referring to believers. Jesus said like He had early told the Jews, they too would seek Him, but that they could not go where He was going.(See John 7:34, 8:21) He was explaining that they would be left in the world and the implication is that His departure would not disperse them, but bring them together. He had been in fellowship with them expressing His love for them, but now their fellowship would be rooted not only in their love for Him, but in their love for each other. They would now be the ones to take the love the Lord had shown them, and be the instruments He would use to show His love for others. They would be blessed by the love of each other and further would now be the channel of the blessing of His love to others.

          God's love is a love that unselfishly seeks the well being and blessings for another without regard for the worthiness or merit of the other. This is true charity in that one wills to aid another with no intent of person gain. The King James Bible is often criticizes for translating the Greek word "agape" often as "charity." However, when the word charity is used it clearly denotes a benevolent and unselfish act. The word "love" does not necessarily accurately make that distinction. Further, it means the Lord's disciples were "to have a preference for, wish well to, and regard the welfare"4 of their brothers and sisters in Christ. They were to love each other the same way that Christ loved them. The outward trait and defining mark of a child of God (my little children, v33) would be their visible love for each other. John later wrote, "Whosoever believeth that Jesus is the Christ is born of God: and every one that loveth him that begat loveth him also that is begotten of him. By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments." (1 John 5:1-2) The phrase "one another" meaning those in the same family. The Bible knows nothing of believers being at odds with each other. The sins of the world are covetousness, bitterness, lying, having an unforgiving spirit toward a fellow believer, and these are against the very nature of a child of God. Peter certainly taught this truth saying "And above all things have fervent charity (agape) among yourselves: for charity (agape) shall cover the multitude of sins." (1 Peter 4:8) Paul solemnly warned "Now I beseech you, brethren, mark them which cause divisions and offences contrary to the doctrine which ye have learned; and avoid them." (Romans 16:17) It is a lack of love for another that causes divisions and offends other believers. God says to avoid them or separate yourself from those who do this. The intent is that separating from them is a rebuke of their sin and a public testimony that their behavior is not condoned or that of a Christian.

          Jesus was speaking of His coming arrest, trial and crucifixion. What lay ahead was for Him alone. Only, the Perfect, and Righteous Savior, our God come to Earth incarnate in man, could suffer and bear the sins of the world. His arrest, trial and crucifixion did not involve any of his disciples. He alone was arrested, was shamed, beaten mercilessly, and nailed to the cross. For this He had come into the world. At His trail Jesus said to Pilate ". . . Jesus answered, Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth. Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice." (John 18:37)

          Peter was always a rash and impulsive disciple. Peter was getting the sense that Jesus was speaking of His death, but did not truly understand. He bluntly asks the Lord why he couldn't go with Him. He is making the point He wanted to be with the Lord no matter what and would even die for Him if necessary. Matthew records more details of Peter's statement,

           It is worth noting what Peter later wrote. "That the trial of your faith, being much more precious than of gold that perisheth, though it be tried with fire, might be found unto praise and honour and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ." (1 Peter 1:7) We might imagine that when Peter was martyred years later he remembered his commitment. We do not know the details of his death, but tradition says that he was martyred about the same time as was Paul during Nero's persecution around 67-68 AD. It was said he was crucified upside down because he felt not worthy to be crucifies as was his Master and Lord.

END NOTES:

1 See Matthew 24:3, 26:30; Mark 13:3, 14:26; Luke 21:37, 22:39

2 2See John 18:1; Matthew 26:30, 36; Mark 14:36, 32-42; Luke 22:39-46.

3 Pesach is the Hebrew word for Passover.

4 Vines Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words, Thomas Nelson:Nashville, 1985, pgs 166-67.

5 David Cloud, Way of Life encyclopedia of the Bible and Christianity, Version 3.5, ref. "pride".

6 Vines, p290.

7 The Calvinists teach that God in the past decreed who He would allow to receive His grace and salvation and the rest He chose to condemn and will not allow them to be saved. This view denies God's character as love and of be totally just. Calvinism is false doctrine and nowhere in the Bible does God say He chose to save some or condemn others simply based on His sovereignty. Among the other false assumptions Calvinism degrades God and denies His very nature. For an article that refutes this false teaching go to https://bible-truth.org/Election-Draft.pdf.

8 Thayer, p3.

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